Evaluating the Conditions in which Nuclear Fusion will Play a Dominant Role in the Future Energy System

Level of Education of Students Involved

Undergraduate

Faculty Sponsor

Luke Venstrom

College

College of Engineering (COE)

Discipline(s)

Nuclear Physics, Economics, Policy

ORCID Identifier(s)

0009-0000-0940-3306

Presentation Type

Poster Presentation

Symposium Date

Spring 4-2026

Abstract

With energy consumption up and no signs of slowing down, the global energy system requires the development of reliable and scalable power sources capable of complementing the intermittent nature of current renewable energy sources. Nuclear fusion has long been identified as a promising candidate for providing continuous, carbon-free energy. This type of energy generation has yet to transition from experimental systems, however, with the longest sustained plasma operation lasting only 22 minutes. In this work, we will analyze the conditions under which fusion energy could become a dominant player in the global energy network. These conditions include technological, economic, and policy constraints that must be met to scale the use of fusion energy. Prior studies evaluate the feasibility of fusion through plasma physics, cost projections, or regulatory considerations. This project will further this prospective by evaluating the conditions in which fusion energy will be commercially viable: scalable net energy production, levelized cost of energy (LCOE) goals, and policy frameworks. Analyses show that widespread adoption of fusion energy will not be achieved through market mechanisms alone, as projected capital investments for facilities like this fall between $5-10 billion. A “forced transition” system should be analyzed which will be achieved through public education and public-private investment in nuclear programs both in higher-ed and research sectors. This work will provide a framework to understand how these conditions will align for fusion energy to become a dominant player worldwide.

Biographical Information about Author(s)

Nate Larson came to Valparaiso University as a civil engineer. Upon completing the first semester, he switched to mechanical engineering with an added physics major. His interest in fusion led to taking a renewable energy course which can hopefully be applied to a career in aerospace engineering. Henry Winterstein is also a mechanical engineer. His interest in fusion led him to taking the same renewable energy course as Nate. In this class, he participated in many nuclear energy debates which only solidified his interest in fusion. Henry is currently pursuing a career in a fusion-focused area.

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