Aria and Recitative Markers in Stephan Schwartz’s “Defying Gravity” from the Musical Wicked

Level of Education of Students Involved

Undergraduate

Faculty Sponsor

Katharina Uhde

College

College of Arts & Sciences (CAS)

Discipline(s)

Music

Presentation Type

Oral Presentation

Symposium Date

Spring 4-30-2026

Abstract

This research examines Stephen Schwartz’s song “Defying Gravity” from Wicked through historical, cultural, and musical lenses. It has a particular focus on how the music itself supports Elphaba’s transformation from self-doubt to empowerment. While Wicked has been widely discussed as a feminist reinterpretation of The Wizard of Oz, this study focuses on how specific musical choices actively construct that narrative of female agency.

Drawing on existing scholarship by Stacy Wolf, Paul Laird, Scott Miller, and Jennifer Sanders, this project situates “Defying Gravity” within broader conversations about feminism and women’s power on Broadway. These scholars provide important cultural and historical frameworks for understanding Wicked’s themes; however, their work does not offer sustained close analysis of the song’s musical materials.

To address this gap, this study undertakes a detailed musical analysis of “Defying Gravity,” examining harmony, key changes, formal design, orchestration, and vocal writing, including the shift into belting. This analysis illustrates how these elements collaborate to reinforce Elphaba’s psychological and emotional transformation, culminating in a musical embodiment of empowerment.

Ultimately, this research argues that “Defying Gravity” exemplifies how musical structure and vocal style can function as narrative agents in contemporary Broadway musicals. By highlighting the relationship between musical detail and character development, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of Stephen Schwartz’s compositional approach and the role of music in articulating female agency on the modern Broadway stage.

Biographical Information about Author(s)

My name is Ellie, I am a senior Music major graduating in May 2026. I am from Elwood Indiana.

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